aaThe following are some very basic information on the grammatical structure of the language.
aaNOUNS
aaArticles : There are no articles.
aaGender : There are two genders (masculine and feminine) and apply even to ffinanimate objects. Words that end aaaaaaaaaaawith a"a / aa" are usually of the masculine gender while words with "i" or "iya" endings are usually of the aaaaaaaaaaafeminine gender.
ssNumber : Singular and plural ; these however can be gender and case-sensitive.
ssExample:
aaaaaaaaaaa(1) For "girl", the singular subject case would be larki; the singular object case awould be alarki, the sssssssssssplural subject would be larkiya and the plural object would be alarkiyo.
aaaaaaaaaaa(2) For "boy", the singular, subject case would be larka ; the singular object case awould be larke ; the sssssssssssplural direct would be larke and the plural oblique would be larko.
aaPRONOUNS
aaaaaaaaaaThe basic ones are:
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaassssssSingular/direct: s(I) Main; Tu* /(You) Tum/Aapa
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqssssssSingular/oblique: s(Me)Mujh ; (You)Tujh* / Tum/Aap
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ccsssssssPlural direct:ffvv(We)Hum ; (You)Aap f
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aasssssssPlural oblique: ccc(Us)Hum ; (They)Veh a
sssssssssssThe interrogative pronouns are: (Who) Kaun and (What) Kya .a
mmmmmmmThe relative pronouns are: aaaaa(That/Which)Jo/Jis .
sssssssssssIn the possessive case, these would be: (Mine) Mera ; (Our)Hamara
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa(Their/His/Her*)Unka ; (His/Her)Uska
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa(Whose)Kiska
aaaaaaaaaaa"Aap"/ "Hum" are formal, polite forms of you and we, while "Tu" is usedain very personal h(friends, aaaaaaaaaaasiblings, parents) or power-driven relationships by athe more powerful. It is sometimes considered aaaaaaaaaaaderogatory. The safest option ais to always use "aap".
asADJECTIVES : ffThis usually precedes nouns and can be gender sensitive.
asCONJUNCTIONS: (and) aur ; (with) saath ; (but/yet) par ; (or) yaa; (for) kyonki ; (that) ke
ssPREPOSITIONS: (at) par/ko; (beside) paas/alawa; (by) ne/paas; (down) neeche; (on) upar; (like) jaise; (through) sssssssssssandar se; (about) baare mein; (within) andar; (over) upar se; (behind) peecche.
sssssssssssWords that are prepositions in English are not necessarily prepositions in Hindi, e.g., "par" and aaaaaaaaaaa"ko" are added to ends of words, such as "Rina Ritako dekhti rahi" (Rina stared at Rita).
aaVERBS: sssThese are quite complicated in Hindi as along with usual forms are also genderaand number aaaaaaaaaaasensitive. Therefore, detailed explanations are required even to provide a basic idea. For our purpose it aaaaaaaaaaawould be more useful provide some examples of usage with words from the vocabulary section.
aaaaaaaaaaaCan : I can get/bring the tickets for you .
aaaaaaaaaaaMain aapke liye ticketein laa sakta hoon. [ ke liye = for; ticketein - plural;sakta aaaaaaaaaaahoon - aaaaaaaaaaa"can" in first person]
aaaaaaaaaaaEat: Dave wants to eat bread.
aaaaaaaaaavDave roti khaana chahta hai. [khaana= to eat; chahta hai= "want" in singular, aaaaaaaaaaamasculine, aaaaaaaaaaathird person, present tense]
dddddddddsDave wanted to eat bread.
aaaaaaaaaaaDave roti khaana chahta thaa. [ chahta thaa= singular, masculine, past tense]
aaaaaaaaaagTalk : Susan wants to talk to George.
aaaaaaaaaaaSusan Gearge-se baat karna chahti hai. [se = to ; baat karna = talk (word do) ;
nnnnnnnnnnnchahti hai = "wants" in singular, feminine , third person]
aaaaaaaaaaaDo : Do your work now.
aaaaaaaaaaaTum abhi tumhaara kaam karo. [ Tum= You ; abhi= now; tumhaara=your;
aaaaaaaaaaakaam = work; karo= do]
aaaaaaaaaddDid you do your work yesterday?
aaaaaaaaaaaKya tumne kal apna kaam kiya tha? [kya= what+will; ne= gets attached for past tense aaaaaaaaaaa; aaaaaaaaaaakiya;stha= did ]
aaaaaaaaaaaWill you do your work tomorrow?
aaaaaaaaaaaKya tum kal apna kaam karoge? [ karoge= singular, future tense]
aaaaaaaaaaaGo : They will be going to Agra tomorrow.
aaaaaaaaaacVeh kal Agra jayenge. [ Veh= they; kal= tomorrow; jayenge= plural, future tenseaof go] gg
